Empowerment in people with Parkinson’s disease: A scoping review and qualitative interview study

ObjectiveTo synthesize empowerment definitions in Parkinson’s disease (PD) literature and understand people with PD’s perspective on empowerment in the context of an existing empowerment conceptual model.MethodsThis mixed-methods study included a scoping review of PD empowerment literature and interviews with adults with PD. Five databases were searched for articles that defined empowerment concepts. We analyzed 1:1 semi-structured interviews on empowerment with people with PD. All data were analyzed using hybrid thematic analysis.ResultsEight of 242 records were included in this review. Empowerment is defined as an intrapersonal (e.g., personal control over oneself or healthcare) or interpersonal construct (e.g., person-centered care). Thirty-seven participants completed the interview. Participants perceived empowerment as a multifaceted concept that interacts with determinants and moderators from different ecological levels.ConclusionEmpowerment is a noteworthy multilevel and relational construct that can interplay with important health-related factors. The developed working conceptual model of empowerment can inform future studies to explore empowerment concepts in more depth and develop PD empowerment-based interventions.Practice implicationsThe empowerment definitions, indicators, determinants, and moderators identified in this study can help researchers, clinicians, and policymakers critically conceptualize empowerment and develop interventions to support people with PD.     

Exploring attributions of causality for child undernutrition: Qualitative analysis in Lusaka,Zambia

Child undernutrition is responsible for 45% of all under-five deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and numerous morbidities. Although progress has been made, high levels of child undernutrition persist in Zambia. Existing studies have explored primary caretakers' (PCs) explanatory models of child undernutrition in LMICs, without comparison with those of health care providers (HCPs). This paper examines and compares the perceived causes of child undernutrition among PCs and HCPs in Zambia. We conducted a qualitative study, using semistructured one-to-one and group interviews, with 38 PCs and 10 HCPs to explore their perceptions of child undernutrition and its perceived causes in Lusaka district, Zambia. Interview data were analysed with thematic analysis. Our findings indicate that PCs and HCPs in Lusaka district have divergent explanatory models of child undernutrition and perceive parental agency differently. In divergently framing how they conceptualise undernutrition and who is able to prevent it, these models underpin different attributions of causality and different opportunities for intervention. PCs highlighted factors such as child food preferences, child health, and household finances. Contrarily, HCPs stressed factors such as ‘improper feeding’, only highlighting factors such as wider economic conditions when these impacted specifically on health care services. One factor, identified by both groups, was ‘inadequate mothering’. To accelerate the reduction of child undernutrition, interventions must address divergences between PCs and HCPs' explanatory models. Additionally, attention needs to be paid to how wider socio-economic and cultural contexts not only impact childhood undernutrition but shape attributions of causality.     

神经内科实习医师血管超声教学的问题及改进方法

血管超声知识是神经内科实习同学的重要学习内容之一,但传统本科教学中对血管超声部分内容局限,使进入神经内科实习的医师血管超声基础知识薄弱,且还存在实践操作的缺乏、教学方式单一等问题,不能在短期内较好的理解及掌握血管超声知识,使得实习效果欠佳。本研究通过对神经内科实习医师血管超声教学中存在的问题进行分析,提出改进方法,可以通过加强实习医师对血管超声的解剖和血流动力学的学习,打牢基础知识,同时将实习医师进行分组,互为模特进行操作实践,在操作实践中加深理论知识的理解和应用。同时还可采用微课等多媒体教学方式,提高实习医师的学习兴趣,显著提高实习效果。     

观察疏肝健脾法治疗月经不调的临床治疗效果及相应的护理观察

目的:探讨疏肝健脾法治疗月经不调的临床治疗效果,并总结相应护理方法。方法:选取自2017年9月-2018年9月在日照市中医医院接受诊疗的136例肝郁脾虚型月经不调患者随机分为对照组和研究组,对照组行逍遥丸治疗,并给予常规护理;研究组行逍遥散、参苓白术散治疗,并给予针对性护理,比较两组患者的治疗效果与护理满意度。结果:研究组治疗总有效率为91.18%(62/68),明显高于对照组的66.18%(45/68)(P<0.05);研究组患者护理满意率为94.12%(64/68),明显高于对照组的76.47%(52/68)(P<0.05)。结论:针对肝郁脾虚型月经不调患者,采取疏肝健脾法进行治疗具确切临床疗效,辅以针对性护理,还能提高患者护理满意度,值得推广应用。     

Posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical practice and longitudinal analysis of the effect of routine laboratory measurements on posaconazole concentrations

Posaconazole is indicated for prophylaxis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of posaconazole is used to optimise drug exposure. The aim of this study was to analyse and describe the TDM practices and exposure of posaconazole tablets. Patients who received posaconazole for treatment or prophylaxis of fungal infections were included in the study. The following therapeutic window was defined: if concentration was low (<0.7 mg/L for prophylaxis or < 1.5 mg/L for treatment) or high (>3.75 mg/L), the hospital pharmacist provided the physician with dosage advice, which implementation to patient care was analysed. A longitudinal analysis was performed to analyse if different confounding variables had an effect on posaconazole concentrations. Forty‐seven patients were enrolled resulting in 217 posaconazole trough concentrations. A median of 3 (IQR 1‐7) samples was measured per patient. The median concentration was 1.7 mg/L (IQR 0.8‐2.7) for prophylaxis and 1.76 mg/L (IQR 1.3‐2.3) for treatment. Overall, 78 posaconazole concentrations were out of the therapeutic window. For 45 (54%) of these concentrations, a dosage change was recommended. In the longitudinal analysis, the laboratory markers and patient baseline variables did not have an effect on posaconazole concentrations. Adequate posaconazole exposure was shown in 64% (affected 28 patients) of the measured concentrations. TDM practice of posaconazole can be improved by increasing the implementation rate of dose recommendation by a multidisciplinary antifungal stewardship team.     

HPV治疗性疫苗的研究进展

宫颈癌是影响全球女性健康的公共卫生问题。持续的高危型HPV感染是宫颈癌的主要致病因素。目前，HPV预防性疫苗已经在全球范围内逐渐广泛开展，但其对已感染HPV的女性没有治疗作用。迄今，多种治疗性疫苗已用于临床前模型和临床试验，包括肽和蛋白质疫苗、活载体疫苗、DNA疫苗等，并已经显示出良好的安全性和耐受性，为宫颈癌的防治工作带来了希望和动力。但其仍存在免疫原性低、需要寻找更多新的靶抗原基因等不足，仍需进一步研究。     

中医康复护理对中风肢体功能障碍患者的疗效

目的分析脑卒中肢体功能障碍患者应用中医康复护理干预后,上下肢功能、生活品质以及神经功能损伤症状变化情况。方法选取本院2017年3月-2019年3月收治的160例脑卒中肢体功能障碍患者为研究对象,将其随机均分为采用传统康复护理的常规组,与采用中医康复护理的研究组。对比两组患者护理干预前后上下肢力指标、神经功能损伤评估分值以及生活品质评估分值。结果干预前,两组患者上、下肢肌力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预后,两组患者上、下肢肌力全部明显增加,并且研究组增加幅度优于常规组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后,研究组与常规组脑卒中患者神经功能缺损评分标准(CSS)评估分值均显著降低,且常规组降低幅度低于研究组;两组生活自理能力评估分值全部显著增加,且研究组提升幅度明显高于常规组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑卒中肢体功能障碍患者应用中医康复护理干预,能够显著提高患者肢体肌肉能力以及生活品质,促进神经功能的修复。     

基于网络药理学探讨祛湿通脉法在类风湿性关节炎中的作用

目的通过网络药理学探究全蝎、益母草、金钱草治疗类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)的药理机制,为祛湿通脉法的临床运用提供理论依据。方法基于TCMSP、TCMID数据库搜集全蝎、益母草、金钱草成分及靶点,通过Cytoscape软件构建成分-靶点网络;通过TTD、DrugBank数据收集RA相关靶点,在STRING数据库构建靶点互作PPI网络。在Genomics数据库分析药物和疾病共有靶点,并利用Cytoscape软件中Cluego插件分析共同靶点的信号通路,最后构建成分-靶点-通路网络图并分析。结果益母草、金钱草、全蝎发挥治疗RA的成分可能是槲皮素、山柰酚等;发挥治疗作用的靶点可能包括IL-6、TNF、JUN、PTGS1、PTGS2、PIK3CG等;其关键作用通路包括L-17信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子信号通路、NF-κB信号通路等13条。结论益母草、金钱草、全蝎治疗RA作用的药理学机制可能是通过多组分、多靶点、多通路实现,祛湿通脉法运用于RA治疗具有一定的价值。